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Indian Polity by Laxmikant - Sources of Indian Constitution

 

Sources of Indian Constitution

1. 1935 GOI Act: More than 60% of provisions are from this.

Constitution of India is replica of ‘GOI 1935 act’.

a.       Federal System
b.      Federal Court (Supreme Court)
c.       Bicameral Legislature
d.      President Rule
e.       Discretionary powers of Governor.

2. British Constitution:
a.       Parliamentary System
b.      Legislative Procedures
c.       Offices of Speaker, Deputy Speaker
d.      Rule of Law
e.       CAG
f.       Attorney General
g.      Writ Jurisdiction

3. American Constitution:
a.       Fundamental Rights
b.      Judicial Reviews
c.       Independence of Judiciary
d.      Office of Vice President

4. Canadian Constitution:
a.       Strong Central Govt.
b.      Residuary Powers
c.       Advisory Jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India

5. Irish Constitution:
a.       Directive Principles of State Policy
b.      Nominating certain members to Rajya Sabha by the President.

6. German Constitution:
a.       Emergency Powers (National Emergency)

7. French Constitution:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Republic

8. Australian Constitution:
a.       Concurrent List
b.      Joint sitting of the Parliament
c.       Commerce & Trade

9. South Africa Constitution:
a.       Constitutional Amendment procedure.
b.      Election of members of Rajya sabha.

10. Japanese Constitution:
a.       Procedure established by law.

11. USSR Constitution
      a. Socialism, Planning
      b. Fundamental Duties

Original features of Indian Constitution:

·         Panchayat Raj Institutions.
·         Electoral College, which elects the President of India.
·         All India Services. (created by S.V. Patel)
·         Protective / Progressive discrimination.
·         Special Protection for Minorities.
·         Finance Commission, Public Service Commission.

Important Committees and Chair Persons:

1. Advisory Committee (largest Committe of Constituent Assembly, Committee on the powers of State Govt.    - Headed by Sardar Vallabhai Patel)
 2. Steering Committee, Rules Committee and Committee on National Flag were headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
3. Committees on the Powers of Central Govt. – Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Committees on the functions of Constituent Assembly – G.V Maulankar
5. Business Advisory Committee – K.M. Munshi
6. Committee on N.E. States – Gopinath Bordoloi (Father of Assam)
7. House Committee – B. Pattabhi Seetharamaiya
8. Adhoc Committee on Supreme Court – C. Varadacharya
9. A Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights –  Krupalani
10. A Sub-Committee on Rights of Minorities – H.C Mukherjee

SCHEDULES                   CONTENT
Schedule 1      : Names of the States & Union Territories
Schedule 2      : Salaries of President, Vice-President, Constitutional Authorities
Schedule 3      : Different forms of Oath
Schedule 4      : Representation to the States in Rajya Sabha
Schedule 5      : Special Protection of ST and scheduled areas
Schedule 6      : Tribal people & Tribal areas Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Assam etc,
Schedule 7      : Division of powers between Centre & State
Schedule 8      : Official Languages (22)
Schedule 9      : Land Reform laws made by various States & Special Laws made by TN, KA, AP
(It is not open to judicial review)
Schedule 10    : Deals with anti defection added in 1985, 52nd Amendment

NOTE: In 2007, in Public cause case, Supreme Court held that even the contents of 9th schedule, added after 1973 are open to Judicial Review. This schedule was added by 1st amendment 1951, Article 31A, 31B were added.
Schedule 11    : Functions of Panchayats in 1992, 73rd Amendment

Schedule 12    : 1992, 74th Amendment Functions of Municipalities.

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